Aug 14•4 min read
Smart Contract Ponzi Schemes
Ponzi Schemes have an upgraded version: Smart Contract Ponzi Schemes. It is more challenging for people to identify and pinpoint their operations running under the smart contract code. It is more difficult when the code is open source and immutable, which promotes transparency.
A typical Ponzi Scheme
Ponzi Scheme is an investment fraud that promotes high returns while only a few in the early investment period gain the full investment returns. It highly relies on newcomers to pay off investment gains.
https://africanewsreport.com/how-to-detect-a-nigerian-ponzi-scheme/
To determine a typical Ponzi scheme event, there are factors to identify from:
- unreasonable high returns with no risk
- short period of consistent returns
- unregistered investments
- over-complicated investment strategies
- investment cheerleaders to push you
- unlicensed sellers to promote investments
- secrecy opportunities to wait for you
- paperwork with errors and false statements
- difficulty receiving payments
- do not know who managed the money funds
The list can go on and on.
Smart Contract Ponzi Scheme
SEC recently charged Forsage, a crypto platform, with 11 individuals for Ponzi Scheme. It is a global Ponzi Scheme with a $300M crypto Pyramid Scheme.
Instead of the human promoters, Forsage launched a website that allowed investors to enter into transactions through smart contracts operated on Ethereum, Tron, and Binance blockchains.
They promote through YouTube and claim to make money quick:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMx4fAxqCVU
Forsage claimed you could make and become a millionaire by using their platform:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAYAKIp5JeE
And the coolest is that they told you they are implementing a Pyramid Scheme with a diagram shown below:
Here is the Pyramid (Ponzi) Scheme smart contract code shown below:
https://gist.github.com/xhliu/859ef64d1605f85cfe8c3cd6e80fad2d
Ref: https://medium.com/coinmonks/smart-contract-based-pyramid-scheme-on-bitcoin-41fc3e0e46a1
How to identify Smart Ponzi Schemes
To onboard new members of the Ponzi Schemes, the Smart Ponzi schemes will require you to join them with your wallet and access your funds to transfer to them.
Since the smart contract is open-source code, it can search through a site like Etherscan.
The logic of the smart contract follows:
Step 1: the contract distributes money among investors
Step 2: the contract receives money only from investors
Step 3: each investor makes a profit if enough investors invest enough money in the contract
Step 4: the new investors join the contract, and the greater risk they will lose their investments
Writing a smart contract goes from step 4 to step 1.
You need to pay to join the scheme:
// satoshi amount required to enter the scheme
int entryFee;
You need to recruit someone to get paid:
// recruite two members to get double payout
public function recruit(PubKeyHash recruit0, PubKeyHash recruit1, SigHashPreimage txPreimage) {
// use ANYONECANPAY so recruits can deposit
SigHashType sigHashType = SigHash.ANYONECANPAY | SigHash.ALL | SigHash.FORKID;
require(Tx.checkPreimageSigHashType(txPreimage, sigHashType));
// commission payout: double the original entry fee
bytes commissionScript = Utils.buildPublicKeyHashScript(this.schemer);
bytes commissionOutput = Utils.buildOutput(commissionScript, 2 * this.entryFee);
The more you recruit, the more you gain:
// keep the scheme going from recruit0
this.schemer = recruit0;
bytes recruitScript0 = this.getStateScript();
bytes recruitOutput0 = Utils.buildOutput(recruitScript0, DUST);
// keep the scheme going from recruit1
this.schemer = recruit1;
bytes recruitScript1 = this.getStateScript();
bytes recruitOutput1 = Utils.buildOutput(recruitScript1, DUST);
bytes output = commissionOutput + recruitOutput0 + recruitOutput1;
require(hash256(output) == SigHash.hashOutputs(txPreimage));
Let's check out the Etherscan of Forsage:
https://gist.github.com/xuanling11/cd9725710ea2243bef6f0ebcfe9202f2
You need to pay 0.05 ETH to join:
function registration(address userAddress, address referrerAddress) private {
require(msg.value == 0.05 ether, "registration cost 0.05");
require(!isUserExists(userAddress), "user exists");
require(isUserExists(referrerAddress), "referrer not exists");
https://bitcoinexchangeguide.com/forsage/
You need to recruit as many as users to gain more earnings.
if ((len == 2) &&
(users[ref].x6Matrix[level].firstLevelReferrals[0] == referrerAddress) &&
(users[ref].x6Matrix[level].firstLevelReferrals[1] == referrerAddress)) {
if (users[referrerAddress].x6Matrix[level].firstLevelReferrals.length == 1) {
emit NewUserPlace(userAddress, ref, 2, level, 5);
} else {
emit NewUserPlace(userAddress, ref, 2, level, 6);
}
} else if ((len == 1 || len == 2) &&
users[ref].x6Matrix[level].firstLevelReferrals[0] == referrerAddress) {
if (users[referrerAddress].x6Matrix[level].firstLevelReferrals.length == 1) {
emit NewUserPlace(userAddress, ref, 2, level, 3);
} else {
emit NewUserPlace(userAddress, ref, 2, level, 4);
}
} else if (len == 2 && users[ref].x6Matrix[level].firstLevelReferrals[1] == referrerAddress) {
if (users[referrerAddress].x6Matrix[level].firstLevelReferrals.length == 1) {
emit NewUserPlace(userAddress, ref, 2, level, 5);
} else {
emit NewUserPlace(userAddress, ref, 2, level, 6);
}
https://bitcoinexchangeguide.com/forsage/
Only 5 winners of the entire operations:
Ower of the contract: https://etherscan.io/address/0x81ca1e4de24136ebcf34ca518af87f18fd39d45e
Earlier founder #1: https://etherscan.io/address/0x44fc2e52243cf20ecc91f61ffa33e59fc7e1c148
Earlier founder #2: https://etherscan.io/address/0xdedba197cb186e6d129110e71138ef6c6ca153d8
Earlier founder #3: https://etherscan.io/address/0x4aaa7083535965d1cdd44d1407dcb11eec3f576d
Earlier founder #4: https://etherscan.io/address/0x59b312f6cfe5b1864654d1942c8c979ad830777e
Here is their promotional video to detail the Pyramind scheme:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0NzYwFfGH4
Don't be a fool in the trap!
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Photo by Márton Kopasz on Unsplash
